Types of antioxidants and their effects on the human body
There are several types of antioxidants: a) antioxidants in food, B) antioxidants found in dietary supplements/and C) natural antioxidants that can be extracted from food. The most famous antioxidants are beta-carotene/ vitamin C, vitamin E, and flavonoids. follow this article to know the Types of antioxidants and their effects on the human body
Types of antioxidants Enzymatic:
Cells are protected from oxidized volume by a reactive network of antioxidant enzymes. Here, the superoxide was released through processes such as phosphorylation/oxidation is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and then reduced to a water supply. The detoxification pathways are the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutase catalyzing the first step and then the catalyst and peroxidase removing different hydrogen peroxide.
Superoxide dismutase:
Superoxide dismutases (sod) are a group of closely related enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of a superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme sod is available in most aerobic cells and in extracellular fluid. There are three keys to superoxide dismutase/ depending on the metal: copper/zinc (bind both copper and zinc). iron/ and manganese (bind iron or manganese). the latter is a kind of NI associated with nickel.
In higher strains:
the molecular asshole has been recorded in blocking different cells. Manganese is present in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Sod iron is mainly found in chloroplasts, but it has also been detected in peroxisomes and was collected as sod weight in the cytosol. an apoplast, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts. In humans (as in all other mammals, and most animals can live on wires), there are three forms of superoxide dismutase. Sud1 is located in the cytoplasm, sud2 in the mitochondria, and sud3 is outside the cell. The first is a dimer (consists of two units), unlike the quaternary (four subunits). Sud1 and sud3 contain copper and zinc, while sud2 has manganese in the reaction center of it.
Types of antioxidants Catalase:
Catalase is an enzyme common to almost all living organisms, exposed to oxygen, as it catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful by-product of many metabolic processes that are normal: to prevent damage. it must be quickly converted into less dangerous ones.
To finish this process, catalase is often used by cells to catalyze the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into molecular oxygen and less reactive water. Animals have been known to use catalase in every organ. with exceptionally high concentrations in the liver.
Glutathione system:
The glutathione system includes glutathione and glutathione reductase. glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione es transferases. Microorganisms, plants, and mammals all have this mechanism. Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme that contains four selenium-cofactors catalytic hydrolyses of hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides, organic. There are at least four glutathione peroxidase oxidases in different animals.
Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most common and is a very efficiently picked up high-quality review of hydrogen peroxide. while glutathione peroxidase 4 is the most active with lipid hydroperoxides. Glutathione S-transferase showed high activity with lipid peroxides. The enzyme has an exceptionally high level in the liver. and also acts in the metabolic detoxification process.
Non-enzymatic
Ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid or "vitamin C" is an antioxidant monosaccharide in both animals and plants. Because it cannot be synthesized in humans and must be obtained from the diet. it must be considered a vitamin. Most other animals can produce this compound in our bodies. and there is no need for it in the diet. In cells, it is maintained in a reduced form by interaction with glutathione. which can be catalyzed by isomerase disulfide, protein, and glutaredoxin.
Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent and can reduce free radical damage. In addition to the direct antioxidant effect. ascorbic acid is also a substrate for the antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, a particularly important function in resisting stresses in plants.
Glutathione:
Glutathione is a peptide containing cysteine in most aerobic biological forms. They do not necessarily appear in the diet and are instead synthesized in cells from the amino acids that make up it. Glutathione has antioxidant properties since the thiol group in the cysteine molecule of it is a reducing agent and can be oxidized and reduced.
In cells, glutathione is maintained in a purified form by the enzyme glutathione reductase which in turn reduces other metabolites and the enzyme as well as reacting directly with oxidants. Due to the high concentration and its central role in maintaining the oxidation state of cells. One of the most crucial antioxidants in cells is glutathione. In certain species, different thiols take the place of glutathione.. such as mycothiol in actinomycetes, or by trypanosomes in kinetoplasts.
Melatonin:
Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine. is a hormone found naturally in animals and in several other organisms. including algae. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant, which can easily pass through cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier.
Unlike other antioxidants, melatonin does not undergo the process of purification and oxidation, that is, the ability of the molecule to undergo a process of repeated oxidation-loss. Melatonin, once oxidized, cannot be reduced to its previous state because it forms several stable post-results when interacting. with free radicals. Therefore, it has been called the beginning of the end (or killing) of antioxidants.
Tocopherol and tocotrienol (vitamin E):
Vitamin E is the collective name of a group of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols, is a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties. Of these, IoT-tocopherol is the most studied because it has a high bioavailability. and priority absorption of the body and metabolism of this form.
It is assumed that IoT-tocopherol is an antioxidant, the most important fat-soluble,. and it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with radicals. and lipids, which are created in a chain reaction of lipid cargo peroxidation. This removes medium-high free radicals and prevents the reaction from spreading further. This reaction creates oxidation of the original tocopherol. that can be recycled back in the form of reduced activity by reducing other antioxidants. such as ascorbate, retinol, or ubiquinol.
Uric acid:
Uric acid accounted for about half of the antioxidant capacity of plasma. In fact. uric acid may well be a substitute for ascorbate in the process of human evolution. However, like ascorbate. uric acid can also act as an intermediate for the production of oxygen activity.
a summary:
Antioxidants are compounds that prevent or limit the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are atoms and molecules. or ions that have lost an electron, which can damage cells or other molecules. Some antioxidants are naturally-occurring substances in foods and plants, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, and flavonoids. and other dietary components. Other types of antioxidants are man-made compounds, including vitamins. minerals, and dietary supplements.